Foundation Specifications 0021

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Foundation Investigations

CALTRANS FOUNDATION MANUAL

-Inch Cone Penetrometer is an in-situ testing apparatus that drilling crews use

during subsurface drilling operations. The test is conducted using an air compressor to

drive the testing apparatus through the soil.

The Engineering Geologist records the drilling rate in seconds per foot of penetration.

The results of the test are shown graphically to give an indication of the soil's varying

densities as the cone penetrates the different layers of soil.

Sample Boring The Sample Boring is a manual boring technique where a 1-inch sample tube is driven

using a 28-pound hand hammer with a 12-inch free fall.

The blows per foot are recorded by the Engineering Geologist in a manner similar to the

Cone Penetrometer test.

This technique is used only for soft soil sites and in areas where it is difficult to get a

drilling rig on the site.

Rotary Boring The Rotary Boring is a rapid drilling method used for penetrating soil and rock. Borings

up to 200 feet and more in depth can be taken using this method.

The hole is advanced by the rapid rotation of the drilling bit, and water or drilling mud

is used to flush out the drill cuttings and to lubricate the cutting tool.

Auger Borings An Auger Boring can be advanced without water or drilling mud and provides a dry hole.

It gives a good indication of material that is likely to cave in during an excavation or

drilling operation. It also gives an accurate reading of where the groundwater

elevation is. Most equipment can drill to depths of 100 to 200 feet.

Diamond Core Boring A Diamond Core Boring is used when rock is encountered during a drilling operation. It

allows the drilling crew to recover continuous sections of rock cores.

The Engineering Geologist can inspect the cores to determine the competency of the

The Electronic Cone Penetrometer is an apparatus that drives a cone into soil similar to

-inch cone penetrometer, but it is capable of providing other soil parameters,

such as soil type, shear strengths, stiffness, bearing capacities, pore water pressures, relative

densities, and shear wave velocities.

Bucket Auger The Bucket Auger is a drilling tool that is used to excavate a larger diameter hole (24 to

36 inches). It is considered to be the best indicator for the presence of cobbles and

boulders. It is also a good indicator for the presence of material that is likely to cave in

during an excavation.