Foundation Specifications 0061

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Pile Foundations – General

Driven Piles – Concrete Driven concrete piles come in a variety of sizes, shapes and methods of construction. In cross section, they

can be square, octagonal, round, solid or hollow. These piles generally vary in sizes from 10 to 60 inches.

They can be either conventionally reinforced or prestressed (most common). They can also be either

precast (most common) or they can be cast in driven steel shells. The types of steel shells

vary from 10 to 18 inches in diameter for heavy walled pipe which are driven directly with the hammer,

to thin walled or step-taper pipes which are driven with a mandrel. The steel shell may have a flat

bottom or be pointed, and may be step-tapered or a uniform section. Caltrans has standard details for

splicing precast concrete piles but it is a difficult, time consuming, expensive procedure.

Hence, this almost precludes the use of precast piles where excessively long piles are required to obtain

The unit cost to furnish concrete piles is usually lower than the steel equivalent. But this cost is often

offset by the requirement for a larger crane and hammer to handle the heavier pile. This is particularly

true when there are a small number of piles to drive.

Driven Piles – Steel Steel piling includes “H” piles and pipe piles (empty or concrete filled). The pipe section is a standard

alternate for the Class 45 and 70 piling, but is seldom used.

Although steel piling is relatively expensive on a per foot furnish basis, it has a number of advantages.

They come in sizes varying from HP 8

117 rolled shapes or may consist of structural

steel plates welded together. They are available in high strength and corrosion-resistant steels. They can

penetrate to bedrock where other piles would be destroyed by driving. However, even with “H”

piles, care must be taken when long duration hard driving is encountered as the pile tips can be

damaged or the intended penetration path of the pile can be drastically deflected. Some of this type of

damage can be prevented by using a reinforced point on the pile. Due to the light weight and ease of

splicing, they are useful where great depths of unstable material must be penetrated before reaching the

desired load carrying stratum and in locations where reduced clearances require use of short sections.

They are useful where piles must be closely spaced to carry a heavy load because they displace a minimal

amount of material when driven.

Splice details are shown on the Standard Plans or project plans for contracts that permit the use of steel

piling. Pile welding work requires special attention and various methods can be used to prequalify

welders who will be doing the work.

Sometimes “H” piles must be driven below the specified tip elevation before minimum bearing is

attained. This can present an administrative problem (cost) if the length driven below the specified tip

elevation is significant. Steel lugs welded to the piles are commonly used to solve this problem. This

subject is covered in detail in Bridge Construction Memo 130-5.0.

Driven Piles – Wood Untreated timber piles may be used for temporary construction, revetments, fenders and similar work; and

in permanent construction where the cutoff elevation of the pile is below the permanent ground

water table and where the piles are not exposed to marine borers. They are also sometimes used for trestle

construction, although treated piles are preferred. Timber piles are difficult to extend, hard to

anchor into the footing to resist uplift, and subject to damage if not driven carefully. Timber piles also

have a maximum allowable bearing capacity of 45 Tons, whereas most structure piles are designed for at