Foundation Specifications 0124

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CALTRANS FOUNDATION MANUAL

various driving problems that can be encountered. The types of problems described are, by

no means, a complete listing of all possible problems.

Hard driving occurs when either the soil is too dense to accept the pile or the hammer

cannot produce enough energy to drive the pile. A review of the Log of Test Borings may be

an indication of the type of driving that can be expected. Current specifications provide

measures to be used when these conditions exist.

Section 49-1.05 of the Standard Specifications states: “When necessary to obtain the

specified penetration and when authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor may supply and

operate one or more water jets and pumps, or furnish the necessary drilling apparatus and

drill holes not greater than the least dimension of the piles to the proper depth and drive the

When it appears that driving through dense or rocky soil could damage the tips of driven

piles, the Standard Specifications require the Contractor to provide special driving tips,

heavier pile sections, or other measures as approved by the Engineer, to assist in driving a

pile through a hard layer of material.

The Engineer should consult with the Engineering Geologist if hard driving is a problem

and the Contractor is considering either jetting or predrilling. There may be limitations on

the use of jetting. Predrilling and predrilling depths should also be discussed since there

may be certain limitations.

Care must be exercised when jetting is used. Two methods are generally employed: (1) pre-

jetting, and (2) side jetting. In terms of controlling pile alignment pre-jetting is best. A pilot

hole is simply jetted to the desired depth. After the jet pipe is withdrawn the pile is immedi-

ately inserted in the hole and driven. With side jetting the jet pipe is inserted into the

ground adjacent to the pile and the jetting and driving take place concurrently. Care must

be taken when this is done with a single jet as the pile tip will tend to move off line in the

direction of the jetted side.

Larger piles are frequently side jetted with multiple pipe systems. These systems can be

located outside the pile or within the annular space of hollow piles. In addition, the pipe

arrangement of multiple pipe systems is usually symmetrical, thus enabling better control