Foundation Specifications 0186

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Construction Methods

Methods and equipment used for construction of pier columns are dictated by several major

factors. Among them is access to the work area, which is determined by the topography, and

adjacent facilities such as existing structures, roads, and stream beds, and also by the type

of equipment required to do the work. The cross sectional area of the pier shaft, depth of

excavation, and the nature and stability of the material to be excavated are other major

factors affecting the method and type of equipment to be used.

The above factors will vary significantly from project to project. Hence, there is a wide

variation in construction methods and equipment used by contractors on different projects.

Methods that have been used before include using a hoe-ram, jackhammer, or Cryderman

(“shaft mucker”). Others have used chemical rock splitting. The most common method

used is blasting with explosives.

One of the first orders of work, after access roads are constructed to the pier site, is to

establish survey control points. These points should be placed so that they not only provide

control during excavation operations, but can also be used for pier construction or incorpo-

rated into control points for pier construction.

Soft material can be excavated with conventional methods, such as a Gradall, .ight auger,

clambucket and hand work. Hard material encountered in otherwise soft material requires

other means. Since blasting is the most common method, it will be discussed the most

throughout the rest of this chapter.

An air-track compressor type drill rig is commonly used for line drilling operations. The

to 5 inches in diameter and come in 20 foot lengths with screw-on attach-

ments for greater depths. Another method is a rotary drill attached to a rotary table and

The first phase of pier column excavation is to line drill the perimeter of the shaft at the

neat line dimensions (the Contractor may elect to line drill slightly outside the neat line

dimensions). Holes are usually drilled on 12-inch centers with additional holes placed

inside the perimeter if needed. Lined holes should be blown out and filled with sand or pea

gravel to facilitate blasting at different levels.