Foundation Specifications 0187

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Handwork to some degree is required at the bottom of all pier columns.

Because of the wide range of variables associated with pier columns, different problems can

be expected with each project. Listed below are items common to most projects. All represent

Alignment It can be difficult to maintain plumb drilled holes if extensive predrilling techniques are

used. Consequently, the Contractor may elect to predrill the outside shaft dimensions.

Surveying Be prepared to improvise. Access to the site and methods employed by the Contractor may

require unique solutions. Work should be monitored as it progresses

Access The Contractor must provide safe access. Depending on excavation depth, this could vary from

ladders to boatswain’s chairs to suspended personnel cages to other means (review the

Construction Safety Orders).

Blasting A thorough review of the Contractor’s blasting plan, if blasting is the option used to remove

the bedrock material, is advised. Blasting should only be done by a licensed person with a

Department of Industrial Safety (DIS) permit. This individual should supervise placing,

handling, blasting and storage of explosive materials. Provisions must be made for handling

traffic. Protection must be provided for existing facilities, utilities, etc. A galvanometer should

be used to check for shorts in the wiring prior to blasting. Blasting mats, tires, dirt, etc. should

be used to prevent flyrock from being scattered beyond expected limits. Proper warning signs

should be provided along highways and roads near the blast site. No explosive material

should be left in the area overnight. If it cannot be avoided, leave a guard overnight in the

area. During the blast, guards should be placed at selected locations to prevent individuals

from entering the blast area. Beware of “misfires.” In general, this operation is not our

responsibility. If you have any questions on the responsibility of Caltrans in regards to

blasting, contact the Caltrans Headquarters Construction Safety Officer.

Shoring Shoring is required in all areas that are not solid rock. In almost all cases, special designs are

required in accordance with Section 5-1.02A of the Standard Specifications. Shoring systems

can consist of concrete lining, steel or concrete casing, box-type shields, rock bolts, and steel or

timber lagging. Refer to the Caltrans Trenching and Shoring Manual for shoring design

Geology Be prepared for unanticipated ground conditions, such as soil instability, groundwater,

fissures, or simply material of lesser quality than that assumed for design purposes. Revisions

Concrete Common to all mined shafts is the requirement that concrete be placed against the

undisturbed sides of the excavation. The length of shaft contact could vary from a planned

length in the lower portion of the shaft to the entire length of the shaft. The Special

Provisions for these projects will usually require a minimum side contact area (generally

50%) with certain allowances for shoring left in place or to allow for concrete flow through

stay-in-place casings. In other instances the shoring or lagging has to be removed as the

concrete is placed. These provisions tend to complicate concrete placing operations and

therefore care must be exercised to do the job properly. Close inspection is mandatory.