Typical Analysis The object of the analysis is to quantify active and passive pressures
so that a structure can be designed to withstand any imbalance be-
tween the two pressures. Typically, the analysis begins with dry con-
ditions.
Dry conditions In dry conditions, the total vertical stress is equal to the height of the
soil times the density of the soil:
s.
Vd
h
=
.
Total horizontal stress can be calculated from total vertical stress us-
ing Rankine’s coefficient of earth pressure, K
a
, for active pressure
and K
p
for passive pressure. K
a
is always less than one, while K
p
is
always greater than one.
In symbolic form, the active horizontal stress is
s
s
HaV
K
=
and
the passive horizontal stress is
s
s
HpV
K
=
.
Basic Soil Mechanics
RETW-p4.cdr
s s
s s
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