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Grouting Bibliography
For a small field,
permeation grouting creates a vast literature
which offers a bewildering array of references to those
trying to gain an initial insight into this rapidly
changing and innovative field. Here, we provide a
selection of literature, along with a listing of our
own, which we feel defines the field and has remained
current through the years.
Compaction Grouting - Rembco Literature
"Vertical Excavation
Below Footing Solved by Compaction Grouting" (1988) Proc
of the 2nd Int'l Conference on Case Histories in
Geotechnical Engineering, Univ. of Missouri Rolla,
p885, Berry, Richard M., & Grice, Harry. The first
reported project which used compaction piles for both
vertical and horizontal support which needed no other
cover such as shotcrete during and after excavation.
"Compaction Grouting as an Aid to Construction" (1989)
Proc of the Foundation Engineering Congress, ASCE
Construction Division, p328, Berry, Richard M. and
Grice, Harry. This uses a number of case studies to
illustrate where compaction grouting can be used in new
construction situations, as opposed to remedial
construction. This is Rembco’s most requested
publication
"Compaction Grouting", an explanation. This is an
in-house paper describing in layman’s terms why and how
compaction grouting works.
"Compaction Grouting for Horizontal Soil Support"
(1995). This is another in-house paper illustrating
through several project descriptions where compaction
grouting can be useful. It introduces the use of
compaction grout piles, suggesting where they are useful
and cost effective.
"Powergrout™ Compaction Grouting Solves Hospital
Elevator Pit Problem" (1983). This is a case study
which solved a difficult permeation problem.
"Factory Wall Supported and Floor Raised Without
Disruption of Operations" (1986). Another
illustration which adds the factor of non-interruption
of operations to the construction equation.
"Improving Pile Uplift Resistance by Compaction
Grouting" (1994). This bulletin describes the use of
compaction grouting to obtain uplift resistance at very
low cost.
"Settling Home Supported by Powergrout™ Compaction
Grouting" (1986).
Sometimes the projects are small, but compaction
grouting is a technology which can be cost effective at
small scale.
Compaction Grouting - Other Important Literature
Graf, Edward D.
(1969) "Compaction Grouting Technique and Observations"
Jrnl of Soil Mechanics and Foundations ASCE,
p1151. This is the first publication about compaction
grouting written by one of the inventors of the
process. It remains a bell weather publication well
worth reading or re-reading.
Brown, Douglas and Warner, James (1973) "Compaction
Grouting" Jrnl of Soil Mechanics and Foundations ASCE,
p589. A similar lasting paper by another inventor of
the process which illustrates most of the practical
principles involved with actual construction projects.
Warner, James and Brown, Douglas R. (1974) "Planning and
Performing Compaction Grouting" Jrnl of the
Geotechnical ASCE, p653. The third in the trio of
early papers which have lasting value.
Warner, James (1982) "Compaction Grouting - The First
Thirty Years" Grouting in Geotechnical Engr, Proc of
the Conference, ASCE, p694. This presents a good
solid history of compaction grouting
"Slab jacking - State of the Art" (1977) A Report from
the ASCE Committee on Grouting, Jrnl of Geotechnical
Engineering, p987. Committee reports are not always
good, but this one has stood the test of time.
Graf, Edward D (1992) "Compaction Grout - 1992" ASCE
GSP No. 30 p275. This is a ten years later update
of Warner’s 1982 paper, compaction grouting.
Warner et al (1992), "Recent Advances in Compaction
Grouting Technology" ASCE GSP No. 30 p252. This
paper, delivered at the same meeting, stresses the new
technical developments.
Schmertmann, John H. and Henry, James F. (1992) "A
Design Theory for Compaction Grouting" ASCE GSP No.
30, p215. This paper is the first to center its
efforts on relating the pragmatic technology of
compaction grouting to geotechnical design methods. As
such it is an important and informative first.
Warner, James (1992) "Compaction Grout; Rheology vs.
Effectiveness" ASCE GSP No. 30 p229. This is
another of the early important technology papers.
Henry, James F. (1989) "Ground Modification Techniques
Applied to Sinkhole Remediation" Third
Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes Proc
p327. This is a case study of the use of compaction
grouting to bridge the throat of an immense sinkhole.
Byle, Michael J. (1997) "Limited Mobility Displacement
Grouting: When Compaction Grout is Not Compaction Grout"
ASCE GSP No. 66 p32. This paper discusses the
use of a thick but non-cohesive grout to allow a more
economic process to be used. It is the first time the
term “low mobility grouting” was used to describe a
thick pumpable grout which would not run away from a
site. It introduces the concept that compaction
grouting is a special subdivision of the low mobility
grouting group.
Bandimere, Samson W. (1997) "Compaction Grouting - State
of the Practice - 1997" ASCE GSP No. 66 p18.
This is a super practitioners description of the
process, which we recommend to the construction
engineers of the geotechnical fraternity.
Lamb, Russell C. and Hourihan, Daniel T. (1997)
"Compaction Grouting in a Canyon Fill" ASCE GSP No.
57 p127. This is a good case study as the project
had many difficulties.
Warner, James (1997) "Compaction Grouting Mechanism -
What Do We Know" ASCE GSP No. 66 p1. This paper
is a good summary of design related items.
Bandimere, Samson W. (1999) "On Firm Ground" Concrete
Construction Vol. 44 No. 1, January 1999, p100. A
good summary written in layman’s terms.
Warner,
James (2003) "Fifty Years of Low Mobility Grouting"
ASCE, GSP No. 120, p1-24. This is the latest
review, good because of its comprehensiveness and
lucidity of writing.
Gomez,
Jesus E (2003) "Shallow Foundations in Karst: Limited
Mobility Grout or Not Limited Mobility Grout) ASCE
GSP No. 102 p941-952. The report discusses what
permeation grouts can be used for shallow foundation problems.
Perkins,
Steven W. & Harris, Joe (2003) "Using the Grouting
Intensity Number (GIN) to Assess Compaction Grouting
Performance" ASCE GSP No. 120 p991-1009. A new
term and new concept is introduced which attempts to
rationalize the distance a thick grout will flow in
various soils.
Johnsen
et al (2003) "Low Strain Testing of Compaction Grout
Columns" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1044-1055. One of
the first data oriented papers which deals with the
QA/QC problems of compaction grout piles.
Byle, Michael J (2003) "Design Considerations for
Inclusions by Limited Mobility Displacement Grouting"
ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1071-1081. This paper presents
the latest in theoretical design for compaction and low
mobility grouting.
Permeation Grouting - Rembco Literature
"Radioactive Waste Trench Grouting" (1997) Grouting,
Proceedings of the Geo-Institute, ASCE, GSP No. 66,
p76, Berry, Richard M. and Narduzzo, Luigi. This paper
presents a comprehensive report on the successful use of
grouting to immobilize the radioactive contents of
randomly filled burial trenches. The process was low
cost, fast, and near 100% effective was the analysis of
the DOE. Toxic chemical wastes were also contained.
"Using Grout To Lock Pollution In Place" (1998)
Underground Construction, July issue, reprint,
Griffin, Jeff and Berry, Richard M. This paper presents
case studies of three projects which used permeation grouting to lock
polluted materials in place rather than removing them.
"Grouting Saves Effluent Pipeline and Maintains Plant
Operations" (1996) Author Richard Berry describes an
unusual project where grouting around the outside of a
distressed pipeline successfully stopped leaking in a
sensitive river crossing. It is in the Water Control
Quarterly (Avanti), July issue, reprint.
"Underground Structural Sealing with Chemical Grout",
(1975) from Penetryn System, Inc., a Rembco
predecessor. This publication is a summation of sealing
with water thin chemical grout. It gives practical
hints on how to achieve successful results and presents
some of the hazards present when reasonable operating
rules are not followed.
"Disposal of Chemical Grout and its' Components",
(1992-95) A collection of articles from Avanti's
Water Control Quarterly. This collection of
permeation articles describes practical methods for safely
disposing of grout and its precursor components.
Permeation Grouting - Other Important Literature
"Chemical Grouting" (1990), Karol, Reuben H., Marcel
Dekker, Inc. This is the true handbook of
permeation grouting using chemical grouts in both soil
and rock. It is a top notch resource. You should get
the latest edition.
Baker, Wallace Hayward (1982) "Planning and Performing
Structural Chemical Grouting" Grouting in
Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of the
Conference, ASCE, p515. Coupled with two papers by
Rueben Karol, the three papers provide a comprehensive
review of grouting where capillary flow is the
controlling feature.
Karol, R. H. (1982) "Chemical Grouts and Their
Properties" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
p359. This is the second paper and it concentrates of
the properties of permeation grouts and how they interface with
the soil or fractured rock.
Karol, R. H. (1982) "Seepage Control with Chemical
Grout" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE,
p564. The third paper deals with seepage through fine
cracks in rock and concrete.
Borden, Roy H; Krizek, Raymond J. and Baker, Wallace H.
(1982) "Creep Behavior of Silicate-Grouted Sand"
Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering Proceedings of
the Conference, ASCE, p450. This twenty year old paper
is still the only comprehensive review of silicate
grouting.
Littlejohn, Stuart (2003) "The Development of Practice
in Permeation and Compensation Grouting: A Historical
Perspective (1802-2002) Part 1 Permeation Grouting
ASCE GSP No. 120 p 50-99. Littlejohn is the
author of “Cement Grouting” which is the practical
handbook of cement grouts. This paper presents his
latest work and includes data collected across the world
as well as that generated by him.
van der
Stoel, Almer EC (2003) "Pile Foundation Improvement by
Permeation Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 728-739.
This paper extends the theory of this specialized
operation.
Breitsprecher, Georg & Toth, Paul Stefan "Underpinning
of a Pier by Microfine Cement Grouting and Compensation
Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 740-751. A case
study which provides another example why grouting should
be considered into areas of very specialized
application.
Chua, M & Bruce DA (2003) "Mix Design and Quality
Control Procedures for High Mobility Cement Based
Grouts. ASCE GSP No. 120 p1153-1179. This paper
brings together from worldwide sources the current
practice involving mix design.
Displacement Grouting
Chandler, Steven C. (1997) "Lense Grouting with Fiber
Admixture to Reinforce Soil", Grouting, GSP No. 66,
ASCE, p147. This paper is one of only a very few on the
topic of lense grouting. The particular project also
includes the inclusion of plastic fibers in an unstable
hillside project.
Boone, S., Heenan, D. and Pennington, B. (1997)
"Monitoring System for Control of Compensation
Grouting", Grouting, GSP No. 66, ASCE, p101.
This is a paper about tunneling for subway construction
and is one of only a few papers about projects in North
America where compensation grouting is just coming use.
Construction used a TBM.
Byle, Michael J. (1997) "Limited Mobility Displacement
Grouting: When Compaction Grout is Not Compaction
Grout", Grouting, GSP No. 66, ASCE, p32. This
paper deals with low mobility grout as contrasted to
compaction grout. It provided a baseline of thinking
which led to design theory for both fields, LMG and CG.
Mori, Akira; Tamura, Mashito; Shibata, Hideaki and
Hayashi, Hideo (1992) "Some Factors Related to Injected
Shape in Grouting" Grouting, Soil Improvement and
Geosynthetics, GSP No. 30, ASCE, p313. Sometimes
the shape of the grout mass is important to the
performance of the soil mass. This paper deals with
those instances where shape is important.
Littlejohn, Stuart (2003) "The Development of Practice
in Permeation and Compensation Grouting: A Historical
Review (1802-2002)" Part 2 Compensation Grouting
ASCE GSP No. 120 p 100-144. This is the other
Littlejohn paper constituting the update of compensation
grouting technology given at the second international
grouting conference.
Heenan
et al (2003) "Frac Grouting - A Case History" ASCE
GSP No. 120 p 824-836. Frac grouting (a process
where the soil is fractured and displaced by the grout)
is similar to lense grouting, and is one of the few case
studies using the process.
Soga
et al (2003) "Effect of Injection Rate on Clay-Grout
Behavior for Compensation Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120
p 845-856. Injection rate of the grout in all grouting
is a determining factor in operations. This paper deals
with the combined phenomena of clay movement ahead of
medium thick grout.
Grouting in General - Rembco Literature
"When
Grouting - Don't Forget the Soil (the Medium)" (2000), Berry, Richard M. Berry. This
review of grouting technology appeared in the
December/January issue of Foundation Drilling
Magazine, a publication of the ADSC. The article
presents the author’s cumulative experience in grouting
in all types of soil. The thrust of the article is to
bring the soil type and classification into principal
focus as the determinant in selecting the type of
compaction grouting and the grouts to be used in particular
situations.
"72-Inch Pipe Stabilized With Chemical Grout" (1994),
Trenchless Technology, June issue reprint, Schrock,
B. J. and Griffin, Clay. The
stabilization of thin walled pipelines has been dealt
with only a few times in the last decade. This paper
deals with a thin walled six foot diameter pipe made of
polyester fiberglass stressed by river bottom
instability.
.
"Grouting Saves Effluent Pipeline and Maintains Plant
Operations" (1996), Water Control Quarterly (Avanti),
July reprint. This paper is about the same project
cited above but concentrates more on the operational
aspects.
"Grouting Around Trenchless Repairs - The Forgotten
Technology" (1997) Proceedings of the Pipeline
Division Conference ASCE, p342, Berry, Richard M.
and Farrar, Robert R. The new field of Trenchless
technology has swept the pipeline construction field.
All these projects require some type of grouting to
provide moving connections. When not done properly, the
connection area will eventually leak, then wash out, and
finally move, settle, and break. This paper
concentrates on the proper methods of grouting
available.
"Grouting Rehabilitation Without Disruption of Plant
Operations" (1998) Proceedings of the Underground
Technology Conference Houston, TX, Griffin, Clay. One of the often
overlooked advantages of grouting is in not disrupting
an operation. This paper concentrates on enlarging the
economic box constituting the economics of a project.
That can make grouting look good in many cases.
"Settlement, Structural Failure, and In-Place Repair of
Above Ground Storage Tanks" (1992), Grouting, Soil
Improvement and Geosynthetics, ASCE, p240,
Berry, Richard M. and Buhrow, Robert P. Large storage
tanks constitute a giant sector of chemical and
petroleum operations. The giant multi-million dollar
tanks often have foundation break-ups resulting from
settlement and resulting in stressed and corroding
steel. This paper deals with remediating those tanks
for a fraction of their construction cost by carrying
out grouting work before the damage is so severe as to
constitute a total loss.
"Radioactive Waste Trench Grouting - A Case History at
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory" (1997), GSP No.
66, ASCE, p76, Berry, Richard M. & Narduzzo, Luigi.
This project report was cited under the title of
permeation grouting and constitutes a significant first
in the field immobilization of radioactive and toxic
wastes.
"Clay over Karst - Dealing with Construction over an
Eroded and Broken Karst Surface" (1995), Proceedings of
the Fifth Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes,
p453, Griffin, Denise B. and Berry, Richard M. There
are many problems in grouting where Karst soil and rock
is found relatively near the surface. In many parts,
the overlying soil is clay and this adds to the
difficulty of planning and carrying out grouting. The
authors deal with these situations in their close to
home territory of Appalachia.
"Design
Verification Into the Grouting Program" (2000) Berry, Richard M. Proceedings of
Constructed Geotechnical Facilities Conference ASCE
GSP p 412-426. Grouting is often not visible after a
project is completed. This paper deals with
verification of the effectiveness of the work. It is
usually only possible to carry out conclusive test work
if the verification procedures are designed into the
project before grouting work is done.
"Innovative Grouting Solves Geotechnical Issues: Five
Case Histories" (2003) Griffin, H Clay & Berry, Richard
M. ASCE GSP 120 p 1130-1140. The authors
experience in carrying out weird projects led to this
paper where grouting solved very difficult problems
which came up during construction. Most of the problems
might have been avoided if grouting had been considered
in the first place.
Grouting in General - Other important literature
"Verification of Geotechnical Grouting" (1995) A Report
from the ASCE Committee on Grouting, GSP No. 57.
This committee report is a stand alone special
publication covering virtually all the methods which are
available to verify grouting. It belongs on the desk of
any serious geotechnical engineer.
"Practical Guide to Grouting of Underground Structures
(1996), Henn, Raymond W., ASCE Press. Henn has
been involved with the operational aspects of grouting
for his entire career. In this book he is both author
and editor. The book covers all aspects of grouting
including drilling, mixing, pumping, equipment, field
operations, testing, and production rates and
expectations. It is an excellent book for the
practitioner concerned with underground projects.
"Construction and Design of Cement Grouting" (1990),
Houlsby, A. C., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This is
the handbook on cement grouting. Clive Houlsby is an
Australian who, according to his own words, has
contributed his “retirement project” to the grouting
fraternity. It is an up to date soup to nuts book on
the subject. It belongs in the bookcase of all grouting
specialists.
"Dam Foundation Grouting" (1991), Weaver, Ken, ASCE
Press. Specific to water seepage and soil
stabilization at dams, this is Ken Weaver’s retirement
book, a good companion to Houlsby’s.
"Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures" (1988 or the
most current edition) Kostmatka, Steven H. and Panarese,
William C., Portland Cement Association. This is
a trade association book on cement based mixtures. It
is kept up to date every few years. For the contractor
doing grouting, it will be well used.
Huck, Peter Jay and Waller, Muriel Jennings (1982)
"Quality Control for Grouting" Grouting in Geotechnical
Engineering Proceedings of the Conference, ASCE,
p781. Although old, this comprehensive book set up a
baseline which is still used, and therefore valuable.
Bruce, Donald A., Littlejohn, G. Stuart and Naudts, Alex
M. C., (1997) "Grouting Materials for Ground Treatment:
A Practitioner's Guide", GSP No. 66, ASCE, p306.
This first of two papers where Don Bruce is co-author
with others was delivered at a Geo-Institute meeting as
a keynote session (in two parts as it was so long). It
is well worth the time for reading.
Gause, Chris and Bruce, Donald A., (1997) "Control of
Fluid Properties of Particulate Grouts, Part 1 - General
Concepts and Part 2 - Case Histories", GSP No. 66,
ASCE, p212, 230. This is the second part.
Shroff, A. V. and Shah, D. L.. (1992) "Time-Viscosity
Relationships of Newtonian and Binghamian Grouts", Soil
Improvement and Geosynthetics Proceedings of the
Conference, ASCE, p663. The authors make a
significant contribution through characterizing grouts
as Binghamian or Newtonian in character. This clarifies
which design methods are most suitable for particular
grout types.
Bell, A
L, (1992) “Grouting in the Ground” Thomas Telford,
London. This book is the published proceedings of a
meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers. As such,
it presents grouting from a different viewpoint than we
usually see it in the US. The European community is
more advanced in application of grouting in most
technologies for a variety of reasons. If you are
looking for the most advanced technology, your search
should include here.
Sowers,
George F. (1996) “Building on Sinkholes” ASCE Press.
Written toward the end of his life, this is another book
which constitutes a life work. Sowers center of
operations was always the southeast, with every bit of
the area being sinkhole country. Its language is
deceptively simple while the thinking is not. The
illustrations make everything clear.
Witherspoon, W Tom (about 1997) “Residential Foundation
Performance” ADSC-International Association of
Foundation Drilling. Witherspoon works in areas of
expansive clays where big time differential settlement
is disastrous when it is not detected beforehand. This
book is the result of not only the author’s experience
but involves a broad survey of residential damage
experienced in the work of others. The recommendations
of what to do to repair structures which settle and rise
with moisture change is excellent.
An extensive list of current references (within the last
fifteen years) published in 1997 is contained in
"Developments 1987-1997" (1997) A Publication of the
Committee on Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics ASCE GSP
No. 69..
Section A1.3 Compaction Grouting, p34.
Section A2.4 Jet Grouting, p113.
Section A3.5 Permeation Grouting, p353.
Bruce,
Donald A. (2003) "The Basics of Drilling for Specialty
Geotechnical Construction Processes" ASCE GSP No. 120
p 752. Don Bruce again bringing his experience as a
designer, consultant, and contractor to bear on the
drilling aspects of grouting. Important as drilling is
often as much as 70% of the cost of a project.
Lehtonen,
Jouko & Aronsson, Stefan (2003) "Grouting of Micropiles
in Scandinavia" ASCE GSP No.120 p 780-790.
Scandinavian experience is in hard rock with major
layers of inclusions. Solutions to problems are
somewhat different than here and are worth the reading.
Weaver,
K D (2003) "A Retrospective on the History of Dam
Foundation Grouting in the U.S." ASCE GSP No. 120
p 857-868. Weaver updates the information in his
handbook on dam grouting with the most recent data.
Wehling,
Timothy M & Rennie, David C (2003) "California Aqueduct
Foundation Repair Using Multiple Grouting Techniques"
ASCE GSP No. 120 p 893-904. This aqueduct goes over
rough mountainous terrain and over soils of very
different stability problems. A broad range of grouting
types were used.
Fischer
et al (2003) "Grouting in Karst Terrane - Concepts and
Case Histories" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 953-966. Just
some well presented cases with the author having a very
clear writing style.
Heinz,
WF (2003) "Mining Grouting: a rational approach" ASCE
GSP No. 120 p 1115-1129. Grouting in underground
mines is a daily business. Very little of this
experience gets into the geotechnical field from this
secretive industry. The technology is often “low”, but
the application information is “high.”
Shuttle,
DA & Glynn, E (2003) "Grout Curtain Effectiveness in
Fractured Rock by the Discrete Feature Network Approach"
ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1405-1416. The author
presents a new theoretical approach which is well worth
the reading if you are in the capillary grout sphere.
Dreese
et al (2003) "State of the Art in Computer Monitoring
and Analysis of Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p
1440-1453. The use of computers in grouting rarely goes
beyond recording data. This paper uses feedback of real
time information to control the process.
Gallagher, Patricia M & Koch, Alyssa J. (2003) "Model
Testing of Passive Site Stabilization: A New Grouting
Technique" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1478-1489. The
authors have developed new test apparatus and methods to
attempt design with new methods and approaches. Like
all of the newest, this has limitations. It should be
of interest to all researchers.
Carter, M & Bentlry, S P (1991) “Correlations of Soil
Properties” Pentech Press Publishers. This
British Publication in the scope of correlations between
soil properties, hydraulic conductivity, swelling
potential, densityshrinkage and swelling, CBR, and even
frost susceptibility. It will become a well used data
source for the designer and estimator.
slope
stabilization ||
compaction grouting
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