Grouting Bibliography

For a small field, permeation grouting creates a vast literature which offers a bewildering array of references to those trying to gain an initial insight into this rapidly changing and innovative field. Here, we provide a selection of literature, along with a listing of our own, which we feel defines the field and has remained current through the years.

Compaction Grouting - Rembco Literature

"Vertical Excavation Below Footing Solved by Compaction Grouting" (1988) Proc of the 2nd Int'l Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Univ. of Missouri Rolla, p885, Berry, Richard M., & Grice, Harry. The first reported project which used compaction piles for both vertical and horizontal support which needed no other cover such as shotcrete during and after excavation.

"Compaction Grouting as an Aid to Construction" (1989) Proc of the Foundation Engineering Congress, ASCE Construction Division, p328, Berry, Richard M. and Grice, Harry. This uses a number of case studies to illustrate where compaction grouting can be used in new construction situations, as opposed to remedial construction. This is Rembco’s most requested publication

"Compaction Grouting", an explanation. This is an in-house paper describing in layman’s terms why and how compaction grouting works.

"Compaction Grouting for Horizontal Soil Support" (1995). This is another in-house paper illustrating through several project descriptions where compaction grouting can be useful. It introduces the use of compaction grout piles, suggesting where they are useful and cost effective.

"Powergrout™ Compaction Grouting Solves Hospital Elevator Pit Problem" (1983). This is a case study which solved a difficult access problem.

"Factory Wall Supported and Floor Raised Without Disruption of Operations" (1986). Another illustration which adds the factor of non-interruption of operations to the construction equation.

"Improving Pile Uplift Resistance by Compaction Grouting" (1994). This bulletin describes the use of compaction grouting to obtain uplift resistance at very low cost.

"Settling Home Supported by Powergrout™ Compaction Grouting" (1986).
Sometimes the projects are small, but compaction grouting is a technology which can be cost effective at small scale.

Compaction Grouting - Other Important Literature

Graf, Edward D. (1969) "Compaction Grouting Technique and Observations" Jrnl of Soil Mechanics and Foundations ASCE, p1151. This is the first publication about compaction grouting written by one of the inventors of the process. It remains a bell weather publication well worth reading or re-reading.

Brown, Douglas and Warner, James (1973) "Compaction Grouting" Jrnl of Soil Mechanics and Foundations ASCE, p589. A similar lasting paper by another inventor of the process which illustrates most of the practical principles involved with actual construction projects.

Warner, James and Brown, Douglas R. (1974) "Planning and Performing Compaction Grouting" Jrnl of the Geotechnical ASCE, p653. The third in the trio of early papers which have lasting value.

Warner, James (1982) "Compaction Grouting - The First Thirty Years" Grouting in Geotechnical Engr, Proc of the Conference, ASCE, p694. This presents a good solid history of compaction grouting

"Slab jacking - State of the Art" (1977) A Report from the ASCE Committee on Grouting, Jrnl of Geotechnical Engineering, p987. Committee reports are not always good, but this one has stood the test of time.

Graf, Edward D (1992) "Compaction Grout - 1992" ASCE GSP No. 30 p275. This is a ten years later update of Warner’s 1982 paper, compaction grouting.

Warner et al (1992), "Recent Advances in Compaction Grouting Technology" ASCE GSP No. 30 p252. This paper, delivered at the same meeting, stresses the new technical developments.

Schmertmann, John H. and Henry, James F. (1992) "A Design Theory for Compaction Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 30, p215. This paper is the first to center its efforts on relating the pragmatic technology of compaction grouting to geotechnical design methods. As such it is an important and informative first.

Warner, James (1992) "Compaction Grout; Rheology vs. Effectiveness" ASCE GSP No. 30 p229. This is another of the early important technology papers.

Henry, James F. (1989) "Ground Modification Techniques Applied to Sinkhole Remediation" Third Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes Proc p327. This is a case study of the use of compaction grouting to bridge the throat of an immense sinkhole.

Byle, Michael J. (1997) "Limited Mobility Displacement Grouting: When Compaction Grout is Not Compaction Grout" ASCE GSP No. 66 p32. This paper discusses the use of a thick but non-cohesive grout to allow a more economic process to be used. It is the first time the term “low mobility grouting” was used to describe a thick pumpable grout which would not run away from a site. It introduces the concept that compaction grouting is a special subdivision of the low mobility grouting group.

Bandimere, Samson W. (1997) "Compaction Grouting - State of the Practice - 1997" ASCE GSP No. 66 p18. This is a super practitioners description of the process, which we recommend to the construction engineers of the geotechnical fraternity.

Lamb, Russell C. and Hourihan, Daniel T. (1997) "Compaction Grouting in a Canyon Fill" ASCE GSP No. 57 p127. This is a good case study as the project had many difficulties.

Warner, James (1997) "Compaction Grouting Mechanism - What Do We Know" ASCE GSP No. 66 p1. This paper is a good summary of design related items.

Bandimere, Samson W. (1999) "On Firm Ground" Concrete Construction Vol. 44 No. 1, January 1999, p100. A good summary written in layman’s terms.

Warner, James (2003) "Fifty Years of Low Mobility Grouting" ASCE, GSP No. 120, p1-24. This is the latest review, good because of its comprehensiveness and lucidity of writing.

Gomez, Jesus E (2003) "Shallow Foundations in Karst: Limited Mobility Grout or Not Limited Mobility Grout) ASCE GSP No. 102 p941-952. The report discusses what grouts can be used for shallow foundation problems.

Perkins, Steven W. & Harris, Joe (2003) "Using the Grouting Intensity Number (GIN) to Assess Compaction Grouting Performance" ASCE GSP No. 120 p991-1009. A new term and new concept is introduced which attempts to rationalize the distance a thick grout will flow in various soils.

Johnsen et al (2003) "Low Strain Testing of Compaction Grout Columns" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1044-1055. One of the first data oriented papers which deals with the QA/QC problems of compaction grout piles.

Byle, Michael J (2003) "Design Considerations for Inclusions by Limited Mobility Displacement Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1071-1081. This paper presents the latest in theoretical design for compaction and low mobility grouting.
 

Permeation Grouting - Rembco Literature

"Radioactive Waste Trench Grouting" (1997) Grouting, Proceedings of the Geo-Institute, ASCE, GSP No. 66, p76, Berry, Richard M. and Narduzzo, Luigi. This paper presents a comprehensive report on the successful use of grouting to immobilize the radioactive contents of randomly filled burial trenches. The process was low cost, fast, and near 100% effective was the analysis of the DOE. Toxic chemical wastes were also contained.

"Using Grout To Lock Pollution In Place" (1998) Underground Construction, July issue, reprint, Griffin, Jeff and Berry, Richard M. This paper presents case studies of three projects which used grouting to lock polluted materials in place rather than removing them.

"Grouting Saves Effluent Pipeline and Maintains Plant Operations" (1996) Author Richard Berry describes an unusual project where grouting around the outside of a distressed pipeline successfully stopped leaking in a sensitive river crossing. It is in the Water Control Quarterly (Avanti), July issue, reprint.

"Underground Structural Sealing with Chemical Grout", (1975) from Penetryn System, Inc., a Rembco predecessor. This publication is a summation of sealing with water thin chemical grout. It gives practical hints on how to achieve successful results and presents some of the hazards present when reasonable operating rules are not followed.

"Disposal of Chemical Grout and its' Components", (1992-95) A collection of articles from Avanti's Water Control Quarterly. This collection of permeation articles describes practical methods for safely disposing of grout and its precursor components.
 

Permeation Grouting - Other Important Literature

"Chemical Grouting" (1990), Karol, Reuben H., Marcel Dekker, Inc. This is the true handbook of permeation grouting using chemical grouts in both soil and rock. It is a top notch resource. You should get the latest edition.

Baker, Wallace Hayward (1982) "Planning and Performing Structural Chemical Grouting" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of the Conference, ASCE, p515. Coupled with two papers by Rueben Karol, the three papers provide a comprehensive review of grouting where capillary flow is the controlling feature.

Karol, R. H. (1982) "Chemical Grouts and Their Properties" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, p359. This is the second paper and it concentrates of the properties of permeation grouts and how they interface with the soil or fractured rock.

Karol, R. H. (1982) "Seepage Control with Chemical Grout" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, p564. The third paper deals with seepage through fine cracks in rock and concrete.

Borden, Roy H; Krizek, Raymond J. and Baker, Wallace H. (1982) "Creep Behavior of Silicate-Grouted Sand" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering Proceedings of the Conference, ASCE, p450. This twenty year old paper is still the only comprehensive review of silicate grouting.

Littlejohn, Stuart (2003) "The Development of Practice in Permeation and Compensation Grouting: A Historical Perspective (1802-2002) Part 1 Permeation Grouting ASCE GSP No. 120 p 50-99. Littlejohn is the author of “Cement Grouting” which is the practical handbook of cement grouts. This paper presents his latest work and includes data collected across the world as well as that generated by him.

van der Stoel, Almer EC (2003) "Pile Foundation Improvement by Permeation Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 728-739. This paper extends the theory of this specialized operation.

Breitsprecher, Georg & Toth, Paul Stefan "Underpinning of a Pier by Microfine Cement Grouting and Compensation Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 740-751. A case study which provides another example why grouting should be considered into areas of very specialized application.

Chua, M & Bruce DA (2003) "Mix Design and Quality Control Procedures for High Mobility Cement Based Grouts. ASCE GSP No. 120 p1153-1179. This paper brings together from worldwide sources the current practice involving mix design.
 

Displacement Grouting

Chandler, Steven C. (1997) "Lense Grouting with Fiber Admixture to Reinforce Soil", Grouting, GSP No. 66, ASCE, p147. This paper is one of only a very few on the topic of lense grouting. The particular project also includes the inclusion of plastic fibers in an unstable hillside project.

Boone, S., Heenan, D. and Pennington, B. (1997) "Monitoring System for Control of Compensation Grouting", Grouting, GSP No. 66, ASCE, p101. This is a paper about tunneling for subway construction and is one of only a few papers about projects in North America where compensation grouting is just coming use. Construction used a TBM.

Byle, Michael J. (1997) "Limited Mobility Displacement Grouting: When Compaction Grout is Not Compaction Grout", Grouting, GSP No. 66, ASCE, p32. This paper deals with low mobility grout as contrasted to compaction grout. It provided a baseline of thinking which led to design theory for both fields, LMG and CG.

Mori, Akira; Tamura, Mashito; Shibata, Hideaki and Hayashi, Hideo (1992) "Some Factors Related to Injected Shape in Grouting" Grouting, Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics, GSP No. 30, ASCE, p313. Sometimes the shape of the grout mass is important to the performance of the soil mass. This paper deals with those instances where shape is important.

Littlejohn, Stuart (2003) "The Development of Practice in Permeation and Compensation Grouting: A Historical Review (1802-2002)" Part 2 Compensation Grouting ASCE GSP No. 120 p 100-144. This is the other Littlejohn paper constituting the update of compensation grouting technology given at the second international grouting conference.

Heenan et al (2003) "Frac Grouting - A Case History" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 824-836. Frac grouting (a process where the soil is fractured and displaced by the grout) is similar to lense grouting, and is one of the few case studies using the process.

Soga et al (2003) "Effect of Injection Rate on Clay-Grout Behavior for Compensation Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 845-856. Injection rate of the grout in all grouting is a determining factor in operations. This paper deals with the combined phenomena of clay movement ahead of medium thick grout.
 

Grouting in General - Rembco Literature

"When Grouting - Don't Forget the Soil (the Medium)" (2000), Berry, Richard M. Berry. This review of grouting technology appeared in the December/January issue of Foundation Drilling Magazine, a publication of the ADSC. The article presents the author’s cumulative experience in grouting in all types of soil. The thrust of the article is to bring the soil type and classification into principal focus as the determinant in selecting the type of compaction grouting and the grouts to be used in particular situations.

"72-Inch Pipe Stabilized With Chemical Grout" (1994), Trenchless Technology, June issue reprint, Schrock, B. J. and Griffin, Clay. The stabilization of thin walled pipelines has been dealt with only a few times in the last decade. This paper deals with a thin walled six foot diameter pipe made of polyester fiberglass stressed by river bottom instability.
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"Grouting Saves Effluent Pipeline and Maintains Plant Operations" (1996), Water Control Quarterly (Avanti), July reprint. This paper is about the same project cited above but concentrates more on the operational aspects.

"Grouting Around Trenchless Repairs - The Forgotten Technology" (1997) Proceedings of the Pipeline Division Conference ASCE, p342, Berry, Richard M. and Farrar, Robert R. The new field of Trenchless technology has swept the pipeline construction field. All these projects require some type of grouting to provide moving connections. When not done properly, the connection area will eventually leak, then wash out, and finally move, settle, and break. This paper concentrates on the proper methods of grouting available.

"Grouting Rehabilitation Without Disruption of Plant Operations" (1998) Proceedings of the Underground Technology Conference Houston, TX, Griffin, Clay. One of the often overlooked advantages of grouting is in not disrupting an operation. This paper concentrates on enlarging the economic box constituting the economics of a project. That can make grouting look good in many cases.

"Settlement, Structural Failure, and In-Place Repair of Above Ground Storage Tanks" (1992), Grouting, Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics, ASCE, p240, Berry, Richard M. and Buhrow, Robert P. Large storage tanks constitute a giant sector of chemical and petroleum operations. The giant multi-million dollar tanks often have foundation break-ups resulting from settlement and resulting in stressed and corroding steel. This paper deals with remediating those tanks for a fraction of their construction cost by carrying out grouting work before the damage is so severe as to constitute a total loss.

"Radioactive Waste Trench Grouting - A Case History at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory" (1997), GSP No. 66, ASCE, p76, Berry, Richard M. & Narduzzo, Luigi. This project report was cited under the title of permeation grouting and constitutes a significant first in the field immobilization of radioactive and toxic wastes.

"Clay over Karst - Dealing with Construction over an Eroded and Broken Karst Surface" (1995), Proceedings of the Fifth Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes, p453, Griffin, Denise B. and Berry, Richard M. There are many problems in grouting where Karst soil and rock is found relatively near the surface. In many parts, the overlying soil is clay and this adds to the difficulty of planning and carrying out grouting. The authors deal with these situations in their close to home territory of Appalachia.

"Design Verification Into the Grouting Program" (2000) Berry, Richard M. Proceedings of Constructed Geotechnical Facilities Conference ASCE GSP p 412-426. Grouting is often not visible after a project is completed. This paper deals with verification of the effectiveness of the work. It is usually only possible to carry out conclusive test work if the verification procedures are designed into the project before grouting work is done.

"Innovative Grouting Solves Geotechnical Issues: Five Case Histories" (2003) Griffin, H Clay & Berry, Richard M. ASCE GSP 120 p 1130-1140. The authors experience in carrying out weird projects led to this paper where grouting solved very difficult problems which came up during construction. Most of the problems might have been avoided if grouting had been considered in the first place.
 

Grouting in General - Other Important Literature

"Verification of Geotechnical Grouting" (1995) A Report from the ASCE Committee on Grouting, GSP No. 57. This committee report is a stand alone special publication covering virtually all the methods which are available to verify grouting. It belongs on the desk of any serious geotechnical engineer.

"Practical Guide to Grouting of Underground Structures (1996), Henn, Raymond W., ASCE Press. Henn has been involved with the operational aspects of grouting for his entire career. In this book he is both author and editor. The book covers all aspects of grouting including drilling, mixing, pumping, equipment, field operations, testing, and production rates and expectations. It is an excellent book for the practitioner concerned with underground projects.

"Construction and Design of Cement Grouting" (1990), Houlsby, A. C., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This is the handbook on cement grouting. Clive Houlsby is an Australian who, according to his own words, has contributed his “retirement project” to the grouting fraternity. It is an up to date soup to nuts book on the subject. It belongs in the bookcase of all grouting specialists.

"Dam Foundation Grouting" (1991), Weaver, Ken, ASCE Press. Specific to water seepage and soil stabilization at dams, this is Ken Weaver’s retirement book, a good companion to Houlsby’s.

"Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures" (1988 or the most current edition) Kostmatka, Steven H. and Panarese, William C., Portland Cement Association. This is a trade association book on cement based mixtures. It is kept up to date every few years. For the contractor doing grouting, it will be well used.

Huck, Peter Jay and Waller, Muriel Jennings (1982) "Quality Control for Grouting" Grouting in Geotechnical Engineering Proceedings of the Conference, ASCE, p781. Although old, this comprehensive book set up a baseline which is still used, and therefore valuable.

Bruce, Donald A., Littlejohn, G. Stuart and Naudts, Alex M. C., (1997) "Grouting Materials for Ground Treatment: A Practitioner's Guide", GSP No. 66, ASCE, p306. This first of two papers where Don Bruce is co-author with others was delivered at a Geo-Institute meeting as a keynote session (in two parts as it was so long). It is well worth the time for reading.

Gause, Chris and Bruce, Donald A., (1997) "Control of Fluid Properties of Particulate Grouts, Part 1 - General Concepts and Part 2 - Case Histories", GSP No. 66, ASCE, p212, 230. This is the second part.

Shroff, A. V. and Shah, D. L.. (1992) "Time-Viscosity Relationships of Newtonian and Binghamian Grouts", Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics Proceedings of the Conference, ASCE, p663. The authors make a significant contribution through characterizing grouts as Binghamian or Newtonian in character. This clarifies which design methods are most suitable for particular grout types.

Bell, A L, (1992) “Grouting in the Ground” Thomas Telford, London. This book is the published proceedings of a meeting of the Institution of Civil Engineers. As such, it presents grouting from a different viewpoint than we usually see it in the US. The European community is more advanced in application of grouting in most technologies for a variety of reasons. If you are looking for the most advanced technology, your search should include here.

Sowers, George F. (1996) “Building on Sinkholes” ASCE Press. Written toward the end of his life, this is another book which constitutes a life work. Sowers center of operations was always the southeast, with every bit of the area being sinkhole country. Its language is deceptively simple while the thinking is not. The illustrations make everything clear.

Witherspoon, W Tom (about 1997) “Residential Foundation Performance” ADSC-International Association of Foundation Drilling. Witherspoon works in areas of expansive clays where big time differential settlement is disastrous when it is not detected beforehand. This book is the result of not only the author’s experience but involves a broad survey of residential damage experienced in the work of others. The recommendations of what to do to repair structures which settle and rise with moisture change is excellent.

An extensive list of current references (within the last fifteen years) published in 1997 is contained in "Developments 1987-1997" (1997) A Publication of the Committee on Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics ASCE GSP No. 69..
Section A1.3 Compaction Grouting, p34.
Section A2.4 Jet Grouting, p113.
Section A3.5 Permeation Grouting, p353.

Bruce, Donald A. (2003) "The Basics of Drilling for Specialty Geotechnical Construction Processes" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 752. Don Bruce again bringing his experience as a designer, consultant, and contractor to bear on the drilling aspects of grouting. Important as drilling is often as much as 70% of the cost of a project.

Lehtonen, Jouko & Aronsson, Stefan (2003) "Grouting of Micropiles in Scandinavia" ASCE GSP No.120 p 780-790. Scandinavian experience is in hard rock with major layers of inclusions. Solutions to problems are somewhat different than here and are worth the reading.

Weaver, K D (2003) "A Retrospective on the History of Dam Foundation Grouting in the U.S." ASCE GSP No. 120 p 857-868. Weaver updates the information in his handbook on dam grouting with the most recent data.

Wehling, Timothy M & Rennie, David C (2003) "California Aqueduct Foundation Repair Using Multiple Grouting Techniques" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 893-904. This aqueduct goes over rough mountainous terrain and over soils of very different stability problems. A broad range of grouting types were used.

Fischer et al (2003) "Grouting in Karst Terrane - Concepts and Case Histories" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 953-966. Just some well presented cases with the author having a very clear writing style.

Heinz, WF (2003) "Mining Grouting: a rational approach" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1115-1129. Grouting in underground mines is a daily business. Very little of this experience gets into the geotechnical field from this secretive industry. The technology is often “low”, but the application information is “high.”

Shuttle, DA & Glynn, E (2003) "Grout Curtain Effectiveness in Fractured Rock by the Discrete Feature Network Approach" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1405-1416. The author presents a new theoretical approach which is well worth the reading if you are in the capillary grout sphere.

Dreese et al (2003) "State of the Art in Computer Monitoring and Analysis of Grouting" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1440-1453. The use of computers in grouting rarely goes beyond recording data. This paper uses feedback of real time information to control the process.

Gallagher, Patricia M & Koch, Alyssa J. (2003) "Model Testing of Passive Site Stabilization: A New Grouting Technique" ASCE GSP No. 120 p 1478-1489. The authors have developed new test apparatus and methods to attempt design with new methods and approaches. Like all of the newest, this has limitations. It should be of interest to all researchers.

Carter, M & Bentlry, S P (1991) “Correlations of Soil Properties” Pentech Press Publishers. This British Publication in the scope of correlations between soil properties, hydraulic conductivity, swelling potential, densityshrinkage and swelling, CBR, and even frost susceptibility. It will become a well used data source for the designer and estimator.